Peregrine Falcon and Sea Otter No Longer Threatened with Extinction

The Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) met at the Station écotouristique Duchesnay near Quebec City, Quebec, April 23-27, 2007 where the conservation status of 48 species was assessed.Recovery Efforts Succeed
The Sea Otter was wiped out in British Columbia by the fur trade in the 1700s and 1800s. It was re-introduced in 1969, when otters were brought to the northwest coast of Vancouver Island from Alaska. Sea Otters have now re-populated a third of their historic range in British Columbia. Numbers are still small, but the population is growing and expanding.

Peregrine Falcons declined drastically in the 1950s and 1960s because of pesticide contamination that thinned their eggshells. After the pesticide DDT was banned in North America, re-introduction programs helped speed the recovery of populations in southern Canada. All three subspecies of the Peregrine Falcon in Canada were assessed and none are threatened.

“It is very satisfying to witness the successful recovery of species that were on the edge of extinction, such as the Peregrine Falcon and Sea Otter. It highlights the importance of endangered species legislation and associated recovery programs in protecting and recovering Canada’s wildlife.” said Jeff Hutchings, chair of COSEWIC.

Big Shark in Deep Trouble
Despite these successes, many species are still considered to be at risk of extinction in Canada. Species from all regions of the country from terrestrial, freshwater, and marine ecosystems are at risk of extinction.

The Pacific population of the Basking Shark, the largest fish in Canadian waters, was assessed as Endangered. Feeding on tiny plankton, it grows up to 12m in length – nearly the length of a city bus. This species is particularly susceptible to population declines because it takes up to 18 years to reach maturity and females are pregnant for up to 3.5 years, the longest of any animal. Populations on the BC coast have plummeted and only 6 individuals have been seen in BC waters since 1996. An eradication program was directed at these harmless sharks until 1970, in an attempt to protect the nets used in the commercial salmon fishery.

Bird Declines Unexplained
COSEWIC expressed alarm that aerial-feeding, insect-eating birds are disappearing. Both Common Nighthawk and the Chimney Swift were assessed as Threatened. Disturbingly, the cause of these global declines in these, and related birds, is unclear. Sharp declines over 70% in the Red Knot, a migratory shorebird, are also cause for concern – one North American population of this species was deemed Endangered.

Invasive Aliens Put Native Species at Risk
The introduced Zebra Mussel has decimated populations of the Eastern Pondmussel. This freshwater mussel, found in the Great Lakes, has undergone a massive decline. Formerly, it was estimated to occur in the billions. Only two small populations remain in Canada and these are considered Endangered.

The Eastern Flowering Dogwood, one of Canada’s showiest native trees, was declared Endangered. Populations of this tree are being infected by Dogwood Anthracnose, an introduced fungus, similar to the disease that has virtually eliminated the American Chestnut.

About COSEWIC
COSEWIC assesses the national status of wild species, subspecies, varieties, or other important units of biological diversity, that are considered to be at risk in Canada. To do so, COSEWIC uses scientific, Aboriginal traditional and local or community knowledge provided by many experts from governments, academia, other organizations and individuals. Assessment summaries are currently available to the public on the COSEWIC website (www.cosewic.gc.ca) and will be submitted to the Federal Minister of the Environment in August 2007 for listing consideration under the Species at Risk Act (SARA). At that time, the full status reports will be publicly available on the Species at Risk Public Registry (www.sararegistry.gc.ca).

There are now [552] species in various COSEWIC risk categories, including [222] Endangered, [139] Threatened, [156] Special Concern, and 22 Extirpated Species (i.e. no longer found in the wild in Canada). In addition, 13 are Extinct and 45 are Data Deficient.

COSEWIC comprises members from each provincial and territorial government wildlife agency, four federal entities (Canadian Wildlife Service, Parks Canada Agency, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, and the Federal Biodiversity Information Partnership, chaired by the Canadian Museum of Nature), three non-government science members, and the co-chairs of the species specialist and the Aboriginal traditional knowledge subcommittees.

Definition of COSEWIC terms and risk categories:
Wildlife Species: A species, subspecies, variety, or geographically or genetically distinct population of animal, plant or other organism, other than a bacterium or virus, that is wild by nature and is either native to Canada or has extended its range into Canada without human intervention and has been present in Canada for at least 50 years.
-Extinct (X): A wildlife species that no longer exists
-Extirpated (XT): A wildlife species no longer existing in the wild in Canada, but occurring elsewhere
-Endangered (E): A wildlife species facing imminent extirpation or extinction
-Threatened (T): A wildlife species likely to become Endangered if limiting factors are not reversed
-Special Concern (SC): A wildlife species that may become a Threatened or an Endangered species because of a combination of biological characteristics and identified threats
-Not at Risk (NAR): A wildlife species that has been evaluated and found to be not at risk of extinction given the current circumstances
-Data Deficient (DD): A category that applies when the available information is insufficient (a) to resolve a wildlife species’ eligibility for assessment or (b) to permit an assessment of the wildlife species’ risk of extinction.

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For further information, contact:

Dr. Jeffrey Hutchings
Chair, COSEWIC
Department of Biology
Dalhousie University
1355 Oxford Street
Edsell Castle Circle
Halifax NS B3H 4J1

Telephone (1): (902) 494-2687
Telephone (2): (902) 494-3515
General inquiries:
COSEWIC Secretariat
(819) 953-3215

For inquiries on Molluscs:

Janice L. Smith
Biologist
Aquatic Ecosystem Impacts Research Division
Water Science and Technology Directorate
Science and Technology Branch
Environment Canada
P.O. Box 5050, 867 Lakeshore Road
Burlington ON L7R 4A6

Telephone: (905) 336-4685
Fax: (905) 336-6430
janice.smith@ec.gc.ca
For inquiries on Marine Mammals:

Dr. Andrew Trites
Director, Marine Mammal Research Unit
University of British Columbia
Room 247, AERL, 2202 Main Mall
Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4

Cell: (604) 209-8182
Fax: (604) 822-8180
trites@zoology.ubc.ca

For inquiries on Birds:

Dr. Marty Leonard
Department of Biology
Dalhousie University
1355 Oxford Street
Halifax NS B3H 4J1

Telephone: (902) 494-2158
Fax: (902) 494-3736
mleonard@dal.ca
For inquiries on Freshwater Fishes:

Dr. Robert Campbell
983 Route 800 E
R.R. #1
St. Albert ON K0A 3C0

Telephone: (613) 987-2552
Fax: (613) 987-5367
snowgoose@sympatico.ca

For inquiries on Peregrine Falcon:

Dr. Gordon Court
Provincial Wildlife Status Biologist
Resource Data and Species at Risk
Fish and Wildlife Division, SRD
Dept. of Sustainable Resources Development
Government of Alberta
Main Floor, South Petroleum Plaza
9915 – 108 Street
Edmonton AB T5K 2M4

Telephone: (780) 422-9536
Fax: (780) 422-0266
gord.court@gov.ab.ca
For inquiries on Marine Fishes:

Dr. Howard Powles
53, rue Lortie
Gatineau QC J9H 4G6

Telephone: (819) 684-7730
Fax: (819) 684-7730
powlesh@sympatico.ca

or

Dr. Paul Bentzen
Resource Conservation Genetics
Dept. of Biology, Dalhousie University
Halifax NS B3H 4J1

Telephone: (902) 494-1105
Fax: (902) 494-3736
Paul.Bentzen@dal.ca

For inquiries on Trees and Plants:

Dr. Erich Haber
60 Baywood Dr.
Stittsville ON K2S 2H5

Telephone: (613) 435-0216
Fax: (613) 435-0217
erich.haber@rogers.com
For inquiries on Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge:

Henry Lickers
Mohawk Council of Akwesasne
Department of the Environment
P.O. Box 579

Telephone: (613) 936-1548
Fax: (613) 938-6760
hlickers@akwesasne.ca

Further details on all species assessed, and the reasons for designations, can be found on the COSEWIC website at: www.cosewic.gc.ca